The Police Corruption in Britain
2.1 Definition of Crime
All of the offences carry fines or the possibility of imprisonment. So there is an assumption that crimes are acts that are codified in law; in this case a law that has been created, policed and enforced by the UK state (the police, the criminal justice system, parliament, the Home Office, etc.). Crimes are acts which break the law of the land. Think of this as the legal definition of crime.
What is a crime? Based on the Oxford English Dictionary sees things in a more complex light than the legal definition of crime. The OED defines crime as:
An act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare … An evil or injurious act; an offence, sin; esp. of a grave character.
On the other hand, crimes can be thought of as acts which break the law – the legal definition of crime. On the other hand, crimes are acts which can offend against a set of norms like a moral code – the normative definition of crime. So, the two meanings of crime cannot be reconciled because a great deal of legally-defined crime is not considered to be normatively-defined crime.
Based on the definition above, the writer concludes that crime is the act that strike law and cause the victims. Crimes usually bring many of negative effects directly or indirectly.
UK Police Powers and Procedures
Police powers and use of discretion. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 allows a police officer to stop, detain and search persons and vehicles for stolen goods, weapons, or other tools of crime, and they may set up roadblocks in certain circumstances. The officer must state and record the grounds for taking this action and record what was found. In 1995, the police recorded 690,300 stops and searches of persons and/or vehicles, an increase of 20 per cent over the previous year. Twelve per cent of searches led to an arrest. The police have powers to enter and search premises and to seize and retain property. The police may seize anything which on reasonable grounds is believed to be evidence of the offense under investigation, or of any other, or which had been obtained following an offence.
Decision to arrest. Arrest may occur without a warrant where a person is reasonably suspected of having committed an arrest able offense, or a magistrate may issue a warrant.
The Cases of Police Corruption in UK
Nearly half of all police forces in England and Wales have officers facing charges of corruption or dishonesty, according to a survey by The Times newspaper.
Altogether 105 police officers in 19 out of 43 forces are under investigation.
They include high-ranking officers such as superintendents and detective chief inspectors.
London's Metropolitan Police has by far the greatest problem with 51 officers suspended.
The survey results come days after Home Secretary Jack Straw warned senior officers that a "corrupt few" were damaging the reputation of a majority of honest members of the force.
In Gwent, one superintendent has been charged with offences relating to expenses fraud and three detective chief inspectors in other forces are under investigation
Thinking of the Problem
There are many of the problems of police in Britain, such as drugs, alcohol, and corruption. The corruption of police in Britain is the major cases in policing Britain. The increasing of police corruption in Britain according to Joe Miller’ research, there are two factors that influence police to corrupt:
- Work factors include:
• Professional attitudes/behavior – While no factors reliably predicted corruption, there were examples of staff with complaints histories, police staff who appeared demoralized with the job, and, by contrast, officers who displayed apparently high-levels of performance.
• Opportunities for corruption – These included: easy access to information, inadequate supervision, relationships with informants, other relationships formed with criminals, and the specific targeting of police staff by organized crime.
• Organisational culture/values – These included: poor security awareness, an emphasis on high performance, and protection of corrupt staff by police colleagues.
- Non-work factors include:
• Domestic/personal problems – Problems with relationships, alcohol or drugs, or finance could provide a backdrop to their involvement in corruption. However, this was not always the case.
• Social networks with criminals – Whether connections with criminals were direct or indirect, these networks are an important basis for corruption. This could involve longstanding relationships (e.g. old friends or relatives) or acquaintances made in leisure environments, such as gyms, pubs and clubs. Again, these can provide a basis for the targeting of police staff by organized crime.
Based on the cases of police corruption in Britain above, there are still many people in the policing in Britain that closed this problem. The cases are similar to cases of police corruption in Indonesia. The factor that dominant in this case because the power of police.
All of the offences carry fines or the possibility of imprisonment. So there is an assumption that crimes are acts that are codified in law; in this case a law that has been created, policed and enforced by the UK state (the police, the criminal justice system, parliament, the Home Office, etc.). Crimes are acts which break the law of the land. Think of this as the legal definition of crime.
What is a crime? Based on the Oxford English Dictionary sees things in a more complex light than the legal definition of crime. The OED defines crime as:
An act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare … An evil or injurious act; an offence, sin; esp. of a grave character.
On the other hand, crimes can be thought of as acts which break the law – the legal definition of crime. On the other hand, crimes are acts which can offend against a set of norms like a moral code – the normative definition of crime. So, the two meanings of crime cannot be reconciled because a great deal of legally-defined crime is not considered to be normatively-defined crime.
Based on the definition above, the writer concludes that crime is the act that strike law and cause the victims. Crimes usually bring many of negative effects directly or indirectly.
UK Police Powers and Procedures
Police powers and use of discretion. The Police and Criminal Evidence Act of 1984 allows a police officer to stop, detain and search persons and vehicles for stolen goods, weapons, or other tools of crime, and they may set up roadblocks in certain circumstances. The officer must state and record the grounds for taking this action and record what was found. In 1995, the police recorded 690,300 stops and searches of persons and/or vehicles, an increase of 20 per cent over the previous year. Twelve per cent of searches led to an arrest. The police have powers to enter and search premises and to seize and retain property. The police may seize anything which on reasonable grounds is believed to be evidence of the offense under investigation, or of any other, or which had been obtained following an offence.
Decision to arrest. Arrest may occur without a warrant where a person is reasonably suspected of having committed an arrest able offense, or a magistrate may issue a warrant.
The Cases of Police Corruption in UK
Nearly half of all police forces in England and Wales have officers facing charges of corruption or dishonesty, according to a survey by The Times newspaper.
Altogether 105 police officers in 19 out of 43 forces are under investigation.
They include high-ranking officers such as superintendents and detective chief inspectors.
London's Metropolitan Police has by far the greatest problem with 51 officers suspended.
The survey results come days after Home Secretary Jack Straw warned senior officers that a "corrupt few" were damaging the reputation of a majority of honest members of the force.
In Gwent, one superintendent has been charged with offences relating to expenses fraud and three detective chief inspectors in other forces are under investigation
Thinking of the Problem
There are many of the problems of police in Britain, such as drugs, alcohol, and corruption. The corruption of police in Britain is the major cases in policing Britain. The increasing of police corruption in Britain according to Joe Miller’ research, there are two factors that influence police to corrupt:
- Work factors include:
• Professional attitudes/behavior – While no factors reliably predicted corruption, there were examples of staff with complaints histories, police staff who appeared demoralized with the job, and, by contrast, officers who displayed apparently high-levels of performance.
• Opportunities for corruption – These included: easy access to information, inadequate supervision, relationships with informants, other relationships formed with criminals, and the specific targeting of police staff by organized crime.
• Organisational culture/values – These included: poor security awareness, an emphasis on high performance, and protection of corrupt staff by police colleagues.
- Non-work factors include:
• Domestic/personal problems – Problems with relationships, alcohol or drugs, or finance could provide a backdrop to their involvement in corruption. However, this was not always the case.
• Social networks with criminals – Whether connections with criminals were direct or indirect, these networks are an important basis for corruption. This could involve longstanding relationships (e.g. old friends or relatives) or acquaintances made in leisure environments, such as gyms, pubs and clubs. Again, these can provide a basis for the targeting of police staff by organized crime.
Based on the cases of police corruption in Britain above, there are still many people in the policing in Britain that closed this problem. The cases are similar to cases of police corruption in Indonesia. The factor that dominant in this case because the power of police.
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