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Background this method because the goal of most of the methods so far is for students to learn to communicate in the target language. The students could produce sentences accurately in a lesson, but could not used them appropriately when genuinely communicating outside of the classroom. Communicative Language Teaching aims commonly to apply the theoretical perspective of the Communicative approach by making communicative competence the goal of language teaching and by acknowledging the interdependence of language and communication. In this method, knowing structure and vocabulary are not enough. So, In order to communication, we need more than linguistic competence. There is needed Communicative competence (Hymes, 1971)-knowing when and how to say what to whom. The Principles of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): 1. The goal is to enable students to communicate in the target language, the students need knowledge of the linguistic forms, meanings, and function. Communication is a pr...

Total physical response has been named ‘the comprehension approach’, because of the importance it gives to listening comprehension; this method is a general approach to foreign language instruction. According to Winitz (1981), language learning should start first with understanding later proceed to production. Language learning usually emphasizes students’ developing basic communication skills and vocabularies are meaningful exposures to the target language. The students listen to the teacher using the target language communicatively from the beginning of instruction. They do not speak at first. The teacher helps the students’ to understand them by using pictures and occasional words. A new method from Michael Lewis argued that the lexical approach is less concerned with students’ production and more concern that students receive abundant comprehensible input. James Asher’s Total Physical Response is the principles of the comprehension approach are put into practice; understanding o...

This method takes its principles from the more general counseling learning approach developed by Charles A. Curran, believed that away to deal with the fears of students is for teachers to become ‘Language Counselor”. A language counselor means someone who is a skillful understander of the struggle students’ face in learning another language. Teachers must be understanding their students and being sensitive to them because this feeling can give students’ positive energy. Besides that, in this method advises teachers to consider their students as ‘whole persons’ that means not only their students’ intellect but also have understanding of relationship to the students. The goals of this method are for students to learn how to use the target language communicatively as whole persons, valuing both thoughts and feelings. The teacher’s initial role is primarily that of a counselor, he/she recognizes how threatening a new situation and focuses not only the language but also on being supporti...

2.1 Definition of Crime All of the offences carry fines or the possibility of imprisonment. So there is an assumption that crimes are acts that are codified in law; in this case a law that has been created, policed and enforced by the UK state (the police, the criminal justice system, parliament, the Home Office, etc.). Crimes are acts which break the law of the land. Think of this as the legal definition of crime. What is a crime? Based on the Oxford English Dictionary sees things in a more complex light than the legal definition of crime. The OED defines crime as: An act punishable by law, as being forbidden by statute or injurious to the public welfare … An evil or injurious act; an offence, sin; esp. of a grave character. On the other hand, crimes can be thought of as acts which break the law – the legal definition of crime. On the other hand, crimes are acts which can offend against a set of norms like a moral code – the normative definition of crime. So, the two meanings of cri...

Introduction Celce-Murcia (1991) calls an affective-humanistic approach, an approach in which there is respect for students’ feelings. The originator of this method, Georgi Lozanov, believes as does Silent Way’s Caleb Gattegno, that language learning can occur at a much faster than ordinarily transpires. ‘Dessugestopedia’, the application of the study of suggestion to pedagogy, has been developed to help students eliminate the feeling that they cannot be successful or the negative association they may have toward studying and, thus, to help them overcome the barriers to learning. The Principles of Dessugestopedia 1. Learning is facilitated in a cheerful environment, so students can learn from what is present in the environment. 2. Students will accept and retain information if they trust and respect the teacher, that recognize that learner bring certain psychological barriers. 3. Assuming a new identity enhances students’ feeling of security and allows them to be more open. 4. The dial...